REFERENCING (HARVARD) - USING CITATIONS, QUOTATIONS AND PARAPHRASING
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This information is taken from: 
Pears, R. and Shields, G. (2010) Cite them right - the essential referencing guide. 8th edition. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.

CITATIONS

It is important to remember that citations and quotations in your assignments must be included in the final word count.

In-text citations give the brief (abbreviated) details of the work that you are quoting from, or to which you are referring in your text. These citations will then link to the full reference in your reference list and/or bibliography at the end of your work, which is arranged in alphabetical order by author.

NB Footnotes and endnotes are not used in Harvard ...

Your citations should follow this format
- Author or editor's surname
- Year of publication, flowed by a comma
- Page number(s) if required

If you are quoting directly or using ideas from a specific page or pages of a work, you must include the page number(s) in your citations. Insert the abbreviation p.(or pp.) before the page number(s).

If your citation refers to a complete work or to ideas that run through an entire work, your citation would simply use the author and date details ...

Examples

= Harris (2008, p.56) argued that 'nursing staff...'

= In a recent study (Evans, 2010) qualifications of school-leavers were analysed ...

​When citing publications by up to three authors or editors, all are listed

= Recent educational research (Lewis and Jones, 2009) has shown that ...

= In a newly published survey Hill, Smith and Reid (2010, p.93) argue that ...

= It has been found that 'newly qualified teachers are more likely to become involved in extracurricular activities than their longer serving colleagues' (Hill, Smith and Reid, 2010, p.142).

For publications by more than three authors or editors, cite the first name listed in the work followed by et al.

​= New research on health awareness (Tipton et al., 2009, p.124) ...

NB All authors'/editors' names would be given in your reference list (no matter how many there are) ...

​Where the name of an author/editor cannot be identified, use the title

​= In a recent study ('Health of the nation', 2009, p.94), statistics showed ...

Where the date of a work cannot be identified, use the phrase 'no date'

= In an interesting survey of youth participation in sport, the authors (Harvey and Williams, no date, pp.243-245) conclude that ...

​Where both author and date are unknown, the citation would look like this

= Integrated transport systems clearly work ('Trends in European transport systems', no date, p.49).

​If you are citing a web page, it should follow the guidelines above, citing by: author and date where possible; by title and date if there is no identifiable author or URL if neither author nor title can be identified.

 = The latest survey of health professionals (http://www.onlinehealthsurvey.org, 2009) reveals that ...

​(Pears and Shields, 2010, pp.4-6).
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QUOTATIONS
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Short direct quotations, up to two or three lines in your assignment, can be set in quotation marks (single or double - be consistent) and included in the body of your text.

Example

= Bryson (2004, p.156) commented that 'If you need to illustrate the idea of nineteenth century America as a land of opportunity, you could hardly improve on the life of Albert Michelson'.

​Longer quotations should be entered as a separate paragraph and indented from a main text. Quotation marks are not required.

Example

= King (1997) describes the intertwining of fate and memory in many evocative passages such as:

     So the three of them rode towards their
     end of the Great Rode, while summer lay
     all about them, breathless as a gasp. Roland
     looked up and saw something that mdd him 
     forget all about the Wizard's Rainbow. It was
     his mother, leaning out of her apartment's
     bedroom window: the oval of her face surrounded
     by the timeless grey stone of the castle's west
     wing. (King, 1997, pp.553-554).

(King, 1997, p.6).
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PARAPHRASING
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When you paraphrase, you express someone else's writing in your own words, usually to achieve greater clarity. The is an alternative way of referring to an author's idea or arguments without using direct quotations from their text. used properly, it has the added benefit of fitting more neatly into your own style of writing and allows you to demonstrate that you really do understand what the author is saying. However, you must ensure that you do not change the original meaning and you must still cite and reference your source of information.

​Example

​= Harrison (2007, p.48) clearly distinguished between the historical growth of the larger European nation states and the roots of their languages and linguistic development, particularly during the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries. At this time, imperial goals and outward expansion were paramount for many of the countries, and the effects of spending on these activities often led to internal conflict.

(King, 1997, p.7).
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FOR MORE INFORMATION SEE 

QUOTE OF THE WEEK AND NEWS STORY OF THE WEEK 

HOW TO REFERENCE A BOOK (THE BASICS) - the easy bit
http://bcotresearchblog.tumblr.com/referencebooksbasics

HOW TO REFERENCE A BOOK (THE EXTRAS) - more complicated
http://bcotresearchblog.tumblr.com/referencebooksextras

HOW TO REFERENCE INTERNET SITES - gets tricky
http://bcotresearchblog.tumblr.com/referenceinternetsites
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REFERENCE 


Pears, R. and Shields, G. (2010) Cite them right - the essential referencing guide. 8th edition. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.